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Archaeology: The study of past human societies through material remains, such as artifacts, architecture, and environmental data, to understand human history.

Cultural Anthropology: The branch of anthropology that studies contemporary cultures, examining social structures, practices, beliefs, and behaviors.

Postmodernism: A critique of modernist anthropology that challenges the objectivity of anthropological knowledge and emphasizes the power relations in cultural representation.

Culture-Historical Approach: A method that focuses on understanding the development of particular cultures through history and archaeology.

Functionalism: The view that cultural practices and institutions serve specific functions within a society, helping to maintain social order and stability.

Structuralism: A theory that seeks to understand the underlying structures of human thought and culture through language and myths.

Historical Particularism: A school of thought that emphasizes the uniqueness of each culture’s history and rejects the idea of universal stages of development.

Evolutionism: A theoretical framework in anthropology that suggests that human societies evolve from simpler to more complex forms over time.

• Colonial Anthropology: The study of indigenous societies during the colonial period, often focusing on their ‘primitive’ nature or behaviors as seen through Western eyes.