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Celts

Celts – A group of Iron Age tribes in Europe known for their art, warrior culture, and hillforts.

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Hittites

Hittites – One of the first civilizations to develop iron metallurgy around 1200 BCE.

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Iron Smelting

Iron Smelting – The process of extracting and refining iron from ore to create stronger and more durable tools and weapons.

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Iron Age

Iron Age – The period in human history when iron became the primary material for tools and weapons, replacing bronze.

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Religious Institutions

Religious Institutions – Temples, priesthoods, and rituals that played a central role in Bronze Age societies.

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Fortifications

Fortifications – Defensive structures built to protect Bronze Age cities, including walls, gates, and towers.

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Social Stratification

Social Stratification – The division of society into hierarchical classes, such as rulers, warriors, artisans, and peasants.

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Bronze Casting

Bronze Casting – A process of pouring molten bronze into molds to create weapons, tools, and artistic objects.

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Sea Peoples

Sea Peoples – Mysterious groups that attacked and contributed to the decline of Bronze Age Mediterranean civilizations.

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Collapse of Bronze Age Civilizations

Collapse of Bronze Age Civilizations – A period of widespread societal collapse around 1200 BCE, possibly due to war, climate change, and economic disruptions.