Celts – A group of Iron Age tribes in Europe known for their art, warrior culture, and hillforts.
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Hittites – One of the first civilizations to develop iron metallurgy around 1200 BCE.
Iron Smelting
Iron Smelting – The process of extracting and refining iron from ore to create stronger and more durable tools and weapons.
Iron Age – The period in human history when iron became the primary material for tools and weapons, replacing bronze.
Religious Institutions
Religious Institutions – Temples, priesthoods, and rituals that played a central role in Bronze Age societies.
Fortifications
Fortifications – Defensive structures built to protect Bronze Age cities, including walls, gates, and towers.
Social Stratification
Social Stratification – The division of society into hierarchical classes, such as rulers, warriors, artisans, and peasants.
Bronze Casting
Bronze Casting – A process of pouring molten bronze into molds to create weapons, tools, and artistic objects.
Sea Peoples
Sea Peoples – Mysterious groups that attacked and contributed to the decline of Bronze Age Mediterranean civilizations.
Collapse of Bronze Age Civilizations
Collapse of Bronze Age Civilizations – A period of widespread societal collapse around 1200 BCE, possibly due to war, climate change, and economic disruptions.