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HYDROGEN FUSION: The process by which hydrogen nuclei combine to form helium, releasing energy.

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MAIN SEQUENCE: The phase in a star’s life when it is fusing hydrogen into helium in its core.

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MAIN SEQUENCE STARS

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MASS-LUMINOSITY RELATIONSHIP: The relationship between a star’s mass and its luminosity, which helps determine its position on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.

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HELIUM FLASH: A sudden onset of fusion in the core of a red giant star, which causes a rapid increase in luminosity.

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RED SUPERGIANTS: Very large stars that are near the end of their life, before becoming supernovae.

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STELLAR EVOLUTION: The process by which a star changes over time, represented on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.

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COOL STARS: Stars that appear red, located at the bottom right of the diagram.

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HOT STARS: Stars that appear blue or white, located at the top left of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.

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COLOR INDEX: A number that indicates the color of a star, derived from its measurements in different wavelengths.