Astrobiology is the scientific study of life in the universe, including its origin, evolution, distribution, and potential existence beyond Earth. It combines elements of biology, chemistry, astronomy, and geology to understand how life arises and survives under different conditions.
Astrobiologists investigate extreme environments on Earth—like deep-sea vents, acidic lakes, and frozen deserts—to understand how life might exist in harsh conditions elsewhere. They also study planetary atmospheres, surface conditions, and chemical signatures on other planets and moons to assess their habitability.
A major focus of astrobiology is the search for extraterrestrial life, from microbial organisms on Mars or Europa to potential biosignatures in exoplanet atmospheres. The field also examines how life could adapt to space environments, including radiation, low gravity, and vacuum conditions.
By exploring life’s potential beyond Earth, astrobiology helps answer fundamental questions about whether we are alone in the universe, guiding future space missions and shaping our understanding of life as a cosmic phenomenon.